The University of Pennsylvania has been actively integrating the campus into the local community since as early as the 1940s. Ground-up student led programs promote implementation of projects related to city of Philadelphia, and the student-led 'Community-Engagement Program' seeks to extend the university into local communities by (student-led) partnerships in local community contexts. Community-service is built in to the institutional structure and curriculum, with "Academically-based community service courses" connecting the theory of community-based learning and teaching to practical community service activities. A specific university center for community partnerships serves as a hub for these efforts.